Survey on Animal Testing For Research and Educational Purposes Essays

Survey on Animal Testing For Research and Educational Purposes Essays Survey on Animal Testing For Research and Educational Purposes Paper Survey on Animal Testing For Research and Educational Purposes Paper The use of laboratory animals is important to three main areas: biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. Biomedical researchers use animals to extend their understanding of the workings of the body and the processes of disease and health, and to develop new vaccines and treatments for various diseases. The research these people do isn ¡Ã‚ ¦t only for human benefit; it is also helping to develop veterinary techniques. The industry uses animals to test the effectiveness and safety of many consumer products, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. Educators, from elementary school all the way up to college, use animals as parts of the teaching process, including dissecting worms, and frogs in science classes to medical students using animals to learn surgical techniques. Scientists study animals to learn more about certain species: its history, its psychological and social behaviors, and its skills. If the animals are kept in captivity, they can be caused pain that isn ¡Ã‚ ¦t natural part of its environment. A number of organizations wish to replace and reduce the number of animals being used or, at the very least, lessen the pain. Rats and mice make up 85-90% of animals used in research, education, and testing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, and non-human primates are studied as well. Dogs and Cats make up about 1% of research animals. The certain animal depends on what is being studied. The majority of rats and mice are bred specifically for research. Half of the dogs and cats that are used are bred for that purpose too. Animal dealers are the primary source for the rest. Animal dealers must be licensed by the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture and have to obey the standards of care set up by the Animal Welfare Act. „h Alternatives to Animal Testing Alternative methods fall into three main categories, also known as the three R ¡Ã‚ ¦s: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is when animals are replaced, either by absolute replacement, which is when an animal is completely replaced, or by relative replacement, just cells and tissues are used, instead of the whole animal. Replacement isn ¡Ã‚ ¦t always an option although, for those animals that do undergo testing, scientists try to lessen the pain and make the animals more comfortable. Replacement isn ¡Ã‚ ¦t considered an option anymore-it has become daily. A few years ago, when a woman wanted to find out whether or not she was pregnant, she had to stop at a laboratory and get a test that involved killing a rabbit. Nowadays, she can buy and over-the-counter kit that tests her for certain chemicals. Computers are a new high-tech method of replacement. For example, dissection on a computer model instead of real, live frogs, which I would prefer! People are becoming increasingly popular when it comes time for the needs for volunteers for new facial and skin products. Reduction is the second method involves  ¡Ã‚ §sharing ¡Ã‚ ¨ research animals. For one example, if one scientist doing a study on the lungs of a sheep, when it comes time to kill the sheep he will allow the others to use his kidneys, liver or heart. Refinement being the third choice means to reduce any pain and suffering that the animal is going through. Techniques that are less hostile to the animal can also be considered refinement. Researchers can use ultrasound or an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to see what is going on inside the animal instead of cutting into it. The cosmetics industry, which 20 years ago tested all its products on animals has come so close to stopping using animals. Many companies have reduced the use of whole-animal testing by 80  ¡V 90%. Some have eliminated it completely. Since the 80 ¡Ã‚ ¦s many companies have put serious amounts of money and effort into a search for alternatives for animal testing. Plus, most ingredients that are being used today have already been tested on an animal and have shown to be safe. „h What kinds of tests are being done? The chronic-toxicity tests assess the effects of long-term exposure, often at low levels, to certain subjects. Acute-toxicity tests evaluate the risk of short-term exposure, accidental contact with eyes, skin and indigestion. There have two different outcries of this test. The most public outcry of this test happened in the 1980 ¡Ã‚ ¦s. One of them, the Draize eye test was one that used rabbits to estimate the ability of a test substance to irritate or damage the eye. This involves putting the solution into one of the rabbit ¡Ã‚ ¦s eyes. Then recording the changes in many different parts of the eye, as compared to the untreated eye over a week. Since then eye irritation tests have stopped by 87%. The protest in 1980 led to great changes in the cosmetics industry and caused many increased efforts toward the development of non-animal alternatives. Many companies no longer use the Draize test at all. The other test acute-toxicity test is called the LD50 test. LD50 means  ¡Ã‚ §lethal dose 50 percent. ¡Ã‚ ¨ This test estimates the amount of the substance is needed to kill 50% of a group of rats or other test animals. The LD50 test has been banned in parts of Europe and the EPA no longer supports it. „h Arguments Against Testing on Animals Arguments against testing on animals question the morality, the necessity, or the validity of the studies. A couple of major questions could be: Do we have a right and a need for the tests? Do these tests actually tell us something useful? Animal Rights Advocates say animals have a right to their own life just as we do; that they are not ours to mess around with. When you think about this argument long enough, this argument also means we must maintain a vegetarian diet, not wearing leather or fur, and, at its most extremity, not keeping animals as pets. A moderate animal protection says that our responsibility toward animals is that we have a moral obligation not to cause then unnecessary pain. That argument isn ¡Ã‚ ¦t against all animal testing. Arguments against animal testing take many forms. One of them could be we can ¡Ã‚ ¦t rely on animal results anyway. Humans are completely different: physically and mentally. Just because one species reacts to a certain chemical in a certain way, doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t mean another will act the same way. Furthermore, animals kept in unnatural conditions aren ¡Ã‚ ¦t going to give accurate results anyway. „h Arguments In Favor of Animal Testing Now again, you can argue in terms of morality, necessity, and validity. The concerns on this side of the argument are the needs to protect and to improve the quality of life. The gains and benefits for humans outweigh the cost of animal suffering. Someone who supports animal testing may care for animals but don ¡Ã‚ ¦t place them on an equal scale as humans. Research on animals may be necessary for more than a few reasons: to develop vaccines, treatments, cures for diseases; and to ensure new products  ¡V that they won ¡Ã‚ ¦t blind, burn, or even kill us (which has happened many times, before safety testing was required by law). Animals make good research subjects, they are biologically similar to humans, and are susceptible to many of the same health problems. Some species make good models for human health or physiology. Most of what we know about the immune system comes from our study of mice, whereas what we know about the cardiovascular system has come from dogs! Many heart surgery techniques are learned from dogs too. Animals make better subjects than humans for another reason. Many species have relatively short life cycles, so they can be studied throughout their entire life. Scientists can control certain aspects of the environment: its diet, temperature, and lighting.  ¡Ã‚ §Animals cannot be completely replaced just yet ¡Ã‚ ¨ Say many supporters of animal testing.

Regime vs. Regimen

Regime vs. Regimen Regime vs. Regimen Regime vs. Regimen By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between regime and regimen? In one sense, there is none, but in their most common connotations, one letter makes a lot of difference. Both terms stem ultimately from Latin regere, meaning â€Å"to direct.† They are related to other words starting with reg-, such as regular, regulate, and regulation. In addition, they are akin to other words referring to direction, including reign, right, and rule and ruler, as well as the element rect in, for example, direct and rectitude. The Hindi word raja, the German term reich, and the Latin form rex are also part of this regal family tree. Regime, borrowed from French (and sometimes, as in French, written in English as rà ©gime), can refer to a regular pattern or behavior of a natural phenomenon, but more often it denotes a form of management or rule, or a government or the duration of its rule. In this last sense, it generally has a negative connotation, implying a repressive, totalitarian government. The phrase â€Å"ancien rà ©gime,† sometimes styled with initial capital letters, refers to the sociopolitical system in France during the several centuries preceding that country’s revolution in 1789 and, coined by revolutionaries, was a derogatory dismissal of the outmoded model of government. (However, to others it conveyed a nostalgia for a time when aristocrats, not the bourgeoisie, set cultural standards.) The generic term, as well as the Anglicized form â€Å"ancient regime† or the translation â€Å"old regime,† refers to any such ineffectual and/or corrupt government or management. Regimen was borrowed directly from Latin into Middle English to refer to a direction, a set of rules, or a position of authority. It is, in one sense, synonymous with regime to denote rule but is now rarely used for that meaning; more often it pertains to a training system, as for athletes, or a plan intended to improve one’s health. One other word closely related to regime and regimen is regiment. It, too, once referred to rule, but now its primary sense as a noun is a reference to a military unit that originally numbered about a thousand soldiers but in modern armies varies widely according to a unit’s particular function. The term is also used as a verb synonymous with organize, in the sense that a regiment is neatly arrayed in marching and inspection formations. However, the connotation of the verb form is often negative, implying excessive control. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsAnyone vs. Everyone10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Project management Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project management - Thesis Proposal Example This argument is particularly important in consideration of the fact that there are authors in the extant literature on research methodologies who explain that both of these methods could be at odds with each other, suggesting a degree of inefficacy (i.e. Poggie, DeWalt and Dressler, 1992, pp. 132). However, this researcher agrees with Flick’s position and further argues that effective features of each model should be adopted and reconciled so that identified research approaches from both paradigms complement each other, resulting to a more effective method of investigation. Naturally, the hybrid model proposed would mean that this study will utilize a number of research tools and techniques. For instance, data will be gathered using interviews, surveys and secondary sources and they will be presented as empirical data in the research discussion and analysis. The structure of the research is a logical flow of stages that incorporate qualitative and quantitative techniques. This is depicted in Fig. 1. It shows how the study would begin with interviewing resource persons. The focus group technique can prove to be invaluable at this stage. Once, approved, this researcher will devise a structured interview at once involving three to five stakeholders or industry resource persons. The purpose is to gain a significant knowledge and first-hand data on specific issues that would provide the insights necessary in developing a more effective questionnaire and research techniques. In the focus group interview, participants will be asked to respond to questions and allowed to respond to each other’s answers as well. Secondary sources will complement the data from the focus group interview. This will not only inform the next step in the study but also provide collaborative evidences and sources for comparative analysis. These

Korean Liberation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Korean Liberation - Assignment Example The two rivals: Soviets and the American stagnated development of the country that had already been destroyed by the Japanese (Cumings 200). Each side seemed to be supported by a colonial power hence increasing the tension in the country. Many lives were lost as well as millions of combat casualties. The United States joined the war when it reached international proportion with the invasion of North Korea in the land of the South. The Americans gave the southern people aid, and this prevented them from destruction from the already winning opposing side (Cumings 255). A collision between the south and the north brought a standstill to the economic advancements that were taking place after their liberation from Japan and shifted to protect themselves from each other’s aggression. After the departure of the colonialists, the country was left in a poor state lacking managerial manpower. There were political instability and a shortage of resources. Tremendous efforts to rebuild the economy after liberation led to the gradual improvement of the economy. Things in Korea changed after its liberation leading to the differing traditions, ideas, cultures, politics, and architecture. Arts and humanities are on the themes that arose from Korean liberation. In contrast to the previous rules and regulations in the country, the production of arts and literature turned out to be controlled by the state. The lines that these entities took from production to presentation and dissemination, all came under the authority of the state. A rich variety of arts, genres, and fashion developed from time to time (Steven 3).

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrialization - Essay Example This paper seeks to highlight industrialization in its entirety paying a closer look at the early and late industrialization. Further, the paper tries to compare the level of industrialization of countries such as the US, Germany, China, Japan, Soviet Union and the UK with special emphasis on the factors that could have brought these countries that far. The present industrial status is also looked at in terms of commerce, education and the general social welfare in these countries. Industrialization may be construed to refer to the process of both social and economic change that sees a society move from a pre-industrial to a fully industrial society. Actually, sometimes modernization is considered as a result of industrialization except that apart from industrialization modernization may be as a result of a synergy between economic development and social change. When these two, economic development and social change, are closely related to innovation, then the result is great modernization often identifiable through industrialization. ... This modernization was represented by not only by high levels of economic authority but also by factors such as functional specialization and general structural differentiation. These factors, especially the autonomy of the economic system from the government contributed greatly to this high level of modernization or industrialization for that matter. Besides the factors highlighted above, there also others that equally led to the prosperity realizes in most countries in the above named region. These factors include: An open trading system enjoying minimal or no import duty greatly stimulated industrialization because of the emerging cost efficiency. Presence of free and flexible labour helped enhance industrialization. It is common knowledge that industrialization, besides energy and raw materials, depend entirely on not only cheap but also skilled and flexible labour. Presence of alternative markets enhanced the general economic performance as a result of highly enabled business opportunities presented by these markets Quick conventional learning capabilities and the affirmative work ethics in the populations equally played a role in encouraging and enhancing industrialization Skills in fast exploitation of the new technologies and scientific findings catapulted industrialization to further and higher grounds Why Industrialization Occurred As mentioned earlier, industrialization is the result of social change and economical development lying proximally to innovations and emerging technologies. Autonomy of social and economic systems from the governments undoubtedly led to industrialization. The process of industrialization occurred almost in every part of the world for particular reasons. For instance, the

Economics of Slavery and its Impact on Nation Essay

Economics of Slavery and its Impact on Nation - Essay Example African slaves were bought cheaply in African countries, and shipped into the Caribbean in the hold, in much the same way as other commodities. They were not only kept by those with large amounts of land, but also by small farmers, and city dwellers. It is generally believed that the economics of large acreages of Cotton and Sugar, combined with low levels of servant indenture, meant that America came to rely upon slaves to work the land. It would have been impossible to farm the vast amounts of these goods without slave labor, as liberated workers would have demanded pay, and probably better working conditions and fewer hours; slaves, on the other hand, were not employees, and could be worked in extreme conditions. African Slaves were able to repopulate, like livestock, and were also supposed to be immune to Malaria and other diseases (Racism saw them as stronger, and better suited to physical labor than white people); unlike Indian slaves, black people (at least in the early to mid 18th Century) stood out among the general population.

Principles of project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of project management - Assignment Example Still, the core project management principles apply. In these regards, the project tasks have been identified, namely, the development of a newly efficient and effective television. The project cost will be estimated; costs will involve development as well as end target margins on sales to consumers. Further consideration will be given to managing risk as a means of adhering to these financial targets. The project will then be organized around specific matrixes with a specific team. Within this team a specific breakdown and division of labor will occur, with a further specified timescale for the work to be accomplished. The plan will then be implemented. Throughout the process specific consideration will be given to project iterations and specific management of the predominant principles that have been outlined. Within the context of Apple, Inc. it’s recognized that increasing emphasis will be placed on technological innovation, user-interface, and cutting-edge design. Still, much of the project cycle will need to be considered in a dynamic context of development and design. 2. The need for project management is an essential aspect of product development and innovation. In the context of Apple, Inc. ... There are a number of factors of success and failure that are considered in relation to project management. Locke (2007) differentiates between many forms of project success. The primary theoretical understanding in these regards is that project management is a multi-dimensional process such that managerial success in terms of project management is distinguished from project success from the perspective of the end user. In these regards, Locke (2007) establishes success and failure factors in relation to the initial project definition. Success is determined in relation to the extent that the project takes on a clear and defined articulation. The next period is the execution period. Project success and failure during the execution period is contingent upon how well the project adheres to the primary elements of cost, execution, and time. Still, project success or failure is further distinguished in terms of overriding benefit for existing stakeholders. In terms of Apple, Inc. the prim ary stakeholders are the organization’s stockholders. As such the project’s ability to ultimately positively contribute to revenue and net profit streams will be the primary determinant of success. Ultimately, it seems this project is realistic. 3. There are four primary phases of project management: initiation, planning, execution, and closure (Lock 2007). Fig. 1 below demonstrates the project management phases. Fig. 1 Project Management Phase Peter (2003) notes that the initiation phase determines the scope and the nature of the project. For Apple, Inc. the scope of the project is the development of a television that is readily integrated with the personal computer, such that the individual will have ease